Piper and Singer: Calum Johnston of Barra

On the 4th of December 1972, the eighty-two year Calum Johnston was waiting at the airport at Tràigh Mhòr in Barra in order to pipe the remains of Sir Compton Mackenzie to his last resting place. Even the driving cold rain and howling wind did not put him off as he played a lament as the coffin was carried from the plane. A large group of mourners wended their way to the cemetery at Eoligarry. After a brief funeral service, the piper began to swoon, and then he suddenly dropped dead on the wet turf.

 

Born in 1891, in Glen, near Castlebay, Barra, Calum Johnson, styled Calum Aonghais Chaluim, came of a family (Clann Aonghais Chaluim) of three brothers and five sisters, one of whom, Annie Johnston, was also a renowned tradition bearer.

 

Having left Barra at around the age of fourteen, Calum Johnston found himself in Manchester where he trained to become a draughtsman. Although he later became a secretary of the Manchester Pipers’ Association, the city was unable to offer a satisfactory outlet for his love of piping. Later, moving to Edinburgh, Johnston followed his career in engineering and held a position with Bruce Peebles Industries Ltd., and where he also had the opportunity to keep up his piping and became secretary and treasurer of the Highland Pipers’ Society. Johnston was ‘discovered’ as a singer by the folklorist Hamish Henderson who asked him to appear at the Workers’ Festival ceilidh in 1951 where he sang a song, Òran Eile don Phrionnsa (‘Another Song to the Prince’), composed by one of the predominant Jacobite bards Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair (‘Alexander MacDonald’). The next year he was again invited and where he performed songs and played the pipes.

 

Over the next couple of decades, Johnston would record many, many items that are now preserved in the School of Scottish Studies Archives at the University of Edinburgh and now available through Tobar an Dualchais / Kisto Riches website. Shortly after his death, a whole issue of Tocher was devoted to the memory of Calum and Annie Johnston and such was the wealth of material that only a representative sample could be given.

 

John Lorne Campbell clearly held Calum and Annie Johnston in great esteem when he wrote that:

 

They represented what today is a very rare type — the cultured and educated Gaelic-speaking Highlander who could move in any society, but who had never forgotten or despised the Gaelic oral tradition which had been the ambience of their childhood. From this point of view, Anna and Calum were a remarkable brother and sister pair.

 

Much of the material which Calum and Annie came by way of their MacNeil mother, styled Catrìona Aonghais ’ic Dhòmhnaill Mhòir (‘Catherine daughter of Angus son of Big Donald’), and two neighbouring MacKinnon sisters, Ealasaid and Peigi Eachainn ’Illeasbuig.

 

Although Calum Johnston excelled in piping, especially in ceòl mòr, the classical music of the Great Highland Bagpipe and also singing òrain mhòra, or the great songs, his repertoire was quite varied and he made many contributions to the three-volume Hebridean Folksongs, co-edited by John Lorne Campbell and Francis Collinson. Conversing with the Danish musicologist, Thorkild Knudsen in 1967, Johnston expresses his way of singing songs: 

 

I always try to place myself in the position of the person who composed the song and just try to express it as he felt it…I feel that the songs…the words of the songs are really the most important thing and the notes beautify them…

 

The Johnston went onto explain the manner in which he made the songs his own: 

 

What I would call putting a blas on it, putting a taste on it, you know, it was just like eating something that has no taste and then you put something on it to put a taste on it…The old fellows, well, some of them, you see, some of them had the art of putting a taste on a tune and others hadn’t…some would sing an air straight through…the bare notes as you might say and the others would put in little grace-notes and that would make all the difference…that gave a taste of that air instead of having it bare they clothed them in beautiful garments as you might say.

 

On his retirement around 1956, Calum Johnston and his wife, Peggy (also from Barra), returned to live in Eoligarry.

 

John Lorne Campbell paid a fitting tribute to Annie and Calum with these words:

 

Those who had the privilege of knowing Annie and Calum will treasure the recollection of highland hospitality, warmth of personality, generosity of spirit, and love for and knowledge of the oral Gaelic tradition, all at their very best and all expressed with completely natural spontaneity.

 

Over the years many collectors including Calum Maclean, Donald Archie MacDonald, Thorkild Knudsen, James Ross and John MacInnes came to visit Annie and Calum Johnston and they never left without recording some gems. Their generosity of spirit and their willingness to share in their love of Gaelic tradition is an inspiration and they undoubtedly left a rich legacy for future generations.

 

References:

Scottish Tradition Series, vol. 13, Songs, Stories and Piping from Barra, Calum and Annie Johnston (Greentrax Recordings, CDTRAX9013, 2010)

Tocher, vol. 13 (1974) (a volume dedicated to Calum and Annie Johnston)

 

Image:

Calum Johnston with Tràigh Mhòr,  Eoligarry, in the background, photographed by Peter Cooke in 1972. Courtesy of the School of Scottish Studies Archives

Annie Johnston: A Barra Tradition Bearer

Born in Glen, near Castlebay, Barra, in 1886, Annie Johnston, styled Annag Aonghais Chaluim, came of a family (Clann Aonghais Chaluim) of four other sisters and three brothers, one of whom, Calum Johnston, was also a renowned tradition bearer.

 

Unlike some of her contemporaries, Annie remained in Barra and became a schoolteacher at her local primary school in Castlebay. She followed this profession throughout her working life and was, by all accounts, an extremely well-respected and loved individual. Sir Compton Mackenzie wrote of her:
 

Annie Johnston … whom no better teacher of small children every lived. She was renowned throughout the Gaelic world on both sides of the Atlantic, for her ability to teach children was just as much for teaching the grown-ups who attended each year the Gaelic Summer School. She was a perennial spring of Gaelic folk-lore; her tales were inexhaustible. A truly lovable woman, she was utterly unspoilt by the esteem in which she was held.

 

Annie excelled in songs and she knew a great deal about òrain luaidh, or waulking songs, used in order to lighten the burden of work when fulling cloth. She also had reams of anecdotal stories and knew many òrain bheaga, or little songs, which was especially useful when it came to entertaining children. A great deal of her repertoire was recorded for the School of Scottish Studies Archives as well as many other visitors who came knocking at her door. In addition to these many recordings, Annie greatly contributed to Gaelic folklore research and was an active member of the Barra Folklore Committee set up through the initiative of John Lorne Campbell and others. With her excellent local knowledge and contacts she willingly facilitated all manner of folklorists and scholars who came to collect songs and much else from the best women folksinger then available in Barra, who, if it were not for Annie’s efforts to cajole them and make them comfortable, would have been far too reticent to have a microphone placed anywhere near them.
 

Calum Maclean in his very first trip to the Western Isles recollected in a typical diary entry a meeting he had with Annie Johnston on the 3rd of September 1946. Maclean at this period kept his diary in Irish Gaelic and here the translation is given:
 

I got up at ten o’clock as I was feeling a bit tired from the night before. I went out in the morning to take the place in. I had to collect my luggage from the pier. I waited until eleven o’clock for the chauffeur to turn up but he didn’t make an appearance. He turned up at three o’clock. I then began writing letters. Afterwards, I began transcribing material recorded on cylinder. I met Annie Johnston at seven o’clock. I went up to talk to her for a while after that. There were a crowd of women present in the house. Annie Johnston’s a lovely woman. She talked about Ealasaid Eachainn [Elizabeth MacKinnon] who died a short time ago. Her traditions went with her to the grave.
 

Some decades previously, one of the very first collectors to whom Annie gave a helping hand was none other than Marjorie Kennedy-Fraser (1857–1930), styled Marsaili Mhòr nan Òran, who, in conjunction with the Rev. Kenneth MacLeod (1871–1955) subsequently published Songs of the Hebrides (1909–21) in three volumes. Annie and her brother Calum’s contribution to this work was recognised by Kennedy-Fraser herself when she referred to Annie as her ‘indefatigable collaborator’ and where she paid a tribute to the Johstons for ‘the many fine tunes.’ Kennedy-Fraser would later recollect that:
 

Annie would invite a group of older women to a cèilidh at her parents’ home and encouraged them to sing while Kennedy-Fraser recorded them. Annie wrote down the words of more than 20 songs sung that evening.
 

Calum Maclean’s brother, Dr Alasdair Maclean, who was a resident GP in South Uist for more than thirty years, wrote of Annie Johnston in the following terms:
 

An interesting survival in Barra was a Gaelic version of another international folk tale known in English as Cinderella. The Barra version is a more attractive and perhaps more credible one and curiously although differing in detail it has much more in common with the one published by the Grimm brothers entitled "Ashputel" than with the Cinderella story. It was recorded from the late and much talented Annie Johnston.

John Lorne Campbell paid a fitting tribute to Annie and Calum Johnston with these words: 

Those who had the privilege of knowing Annie and Calum will treasure the recollection of highland hospitality, warmth of personality, generosity of spirit, and love for and knowledge of the oral Gaelic tradition, all at their very best and all expressed with completely natural spontaneity.

 

Her obituary notice is hereby reproduced in full and is an eloquent testimony by John Lorne Campbell to a well-loved and highly-respected personality:

Loss to Highland

folklore

 

THE LATE MISS ANNIE

JOHNSTON, BARRA

 

The Highlands and Islands, and Barra in particular, have suffered a grievous loss through the passing last week of Annie Johnston, the witty, charming and talented lady whose name is well-known among folklorists far beyond the bounds of Scotland.
 

Annie Johnston possessed the rare combination of a modern educational training–she was a highly successful school teacher–with the completely natural recollection and grasp of the rich oral tradition of Gaelic folksong and folktale that has made Barra so famous.
 

In this respect she resembled her Nova Scotian cousin, Rt Rev. Mgr. P. J. Nicholson, president-emeritus of St Francis Xavier University at Antigonish, who in his spare time had made substantial contributions to the preservation of Gaelic folktales in Cape Breton.
 

In her profession of school teacher Annie Johnston was invaluable in a Gaelic-speaking island where many of the children came to school with little or no English, and many of her former pupils must remain very vivid memories of her, and her help was invaluable, indeed indispensable, to the many folklorists and students of Gaelic who used to visit the island of Barra or, whom she taught at An Comunn Gaidhealach Gaelic summer school.
 

Mrs Kennedy Fraser, who first met her in 1908, refers to her as a “valued friend and invaluable collaborator. Others, including the writer and many of his friends, will echo these words with heart-felt agreement. Not only did Annie Johnston gladly impart here own store of tradition, including many unusual and beautiful songs she had learnt herself from her mother and from neighbours who came originally from the isolated island of Mingulay, she was also indefatigable in brining forwards others to be recorded, coaxing them over their shyness and getting them in the right humour, interpreting and explaining when this had to be done. She was the kind of collaborator whose goodwill and help are absolutely indispensable to a visiting folklorist. In addition she was herself most hospitable and entertaining hostess and inimitable raconteur, and her house was an immediate objective for any visitor who came to Barra with the slightest pretension to an interest in the culture and tradition of the island.

Annie Johnston and her brother, Calum, were of great assistance to Mrs Kennedy Fraser and contributed substantially to “Songs of the Hebrides”.
 

When the broadcasting of Gaelic became organised Annie Johnston came into her own, and a wide and appreciative audience was able to hear her singing the natural traditional versions of the folksongs of her native island. At various times between 1937 and 1962 she recorded over 40 such songs for the writer.
 

When the School of Scottish Studies was founded at Edinburgh University in 1951 she and her talented brother, Calum, were among the first to record such material for its archives. Acknowledgement of her help can also be found in the foreword of several books by collectors of Hebridean folklore. She visited Nova Scotia and Boston a few years ago at the invitation of transatlantic friends and got a tremendous welcome from the Highland people there.
 

Her many friends hoped she would be spared for many years to continue her work in retirement and perhaps to write, in Gaelic or English, the memories of her early years. It was not to be. There must by many in Barra and outside it who feel her passing as a deep personal loss; their heartfelt sympathy will go out to her brother and sister-in-law and her sisters, nephews and nieces in their bereavement.
 

                                                      “A cuid de pharas di”
 

                                                                                       J.L.C.
 

References:

John Lorne Campbell, ‘Loss to Highland Folklore THE LATE MISS ANNIE JOHNSTON, BARRA’, The Oban Times (14 March 1963)

Scottish Tradition Series, vol. 13, Songs, Stories and Piping from Barra, Calum and Annie Johnston (Greentrax Recordings, CDTRAX9013, 2010)

Tocher, vol. 13 (1974) (a volume dedicated to Calum and Annie Johnston)
 

Image:

Annie Johnston photographed in May 1947 by George Scott-Moncrieff in her classroom, Castlebay, Barra. Courtesy of Cnuasach Bhéaloideas Éireann, Coláiste Ollscoile Baile Átha Cliath / National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin. Courtesy of Cnuasach Bhéaloideas Éireann, Coláiste Ollscoile Baile Átha Cliath / National Folklore Collection, University College Dublin

 

An Eòsag: Captain Donald Joseph MacKinnon

With possibly one of the best and most recognised voices in the world of Gaelic song, Donald Joseph MacKinnon (1907–1962), styled Dòmhnall Iòsaph mac Ruairidh Iain Bhàin, and commonly known as An Eòsag [Little Joseph], has rightly earned himself an enviable reputation. MacKinnon was born in Bruernish, isle of Barra, and was the son of Roderick MacKinnon, styled Ruairidh Iain Bhàin (whose sister was Mòr, bean Shomhairle Bhig).

 

One of Donald Joseph MacKinnon’s older sisters was none other than Mrs Katie Buchanan, styled Ceit Ruairaidh Iain Bhàin, another remarkably talented singer. MacKinnon’s mother tragically died when he was only two years of age and so thenceforth was brought up by his two sisters, Ceit and Sìne. For bravery shown at Dunkirk whilst aboard the RMS King George V, MacKinnon was commended and awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. His later career in the Merchant Navy stood him in good stead and saw him rise to the rank of Captain on MacBrayne’s steamer, the Lochmor.

 

He and his wife Neilina ‘Nellie’ MacPherson (1907–1992), from Griminish, Benbecula, settled at Kenneth Drive, Lochboisdale, South Uist, with their family of a son and three daughters: Chrissie, Margaret, Donalda and Roddy. He and his wife were buried in Hallin cemetery, South Uist. An elegy, entitled Marbhrann do Dhòmhnall Eosaibh MacFhionghuin, Sgiobair na Lochmoir, was composed by Donald MacDonald from Ard-Chuig, Benbecula:

 

Gur duilich, duilich, duilich leam,

Gur muladach ri inns’,

Gun tugadh ás ar cuideachd

Neach cho urramach ’s a bh’ innt’,

Nuair sgaoil an naidheachd dhuilich

Gun deach dubhar air an tìr,

Co-dhiùbh air feadh nan Eileanan;

Sud deireadh do gach aon.

 

Nuair thàinig ugainn sgeul a’ bhròin

Gu brònach bha gach aon;

’S beag bha dhùil aig aon bha beò,

De eòlaich bha ri thaobh,

Gu robh a bheatha tighinn gu ceann

’S an t-àm air teannadh dlùth

Ri dealachadh ri caraid còir

A bhios ri ’r beò ’nar cuimhn’.

 

A Dhòmhnaill Eòsaibh, ’s duilich leam

Do ghuth a bhith ’gar dìth;

Bu tric a-measg na cuideachd thu

Toirt luinneag dhuinn ás ùr;

A nis cha chluinnear tuilleach thu

’S chan fhaicear thu sa’ chùirt

Far ’m bitheadh do ghàire cridhealach

Toirt spionnaidh dha’n bhiodh cruinn.

 

Maraiche nan tonnan gorm’

Ri sneachd is stoirm no ciùin;

Toirt misneachd do gach sean is òg

A bhiodh air bòrd san luing;

Bhiodh tèarainteachd fo do làimh,

’S command agad air stiùir;

’S ruigeadh tu leo sàbhailt’

Do’n chala san robh dùil.

 

Dhearbh thu euchdan sònraichte

Measg leòntach an Caol na Fraing’,

’Gan dìon ’s ’gan aiseag sàbhailte

O’n tràigh air an robh ’n call;

Cha deachaidh mail chur annad

Ach ’gan cruinneachadh gut rang,

’S toirt air bòrd na b’ urrainn dhut

’S ruigheachd leotha nall.

 

Neach bha riamh a’ còmhradh riut

No seòladh leat air chuan

’S a chuala gun do chàireadh thu

A Hàlann anns an uaigh,

Gun tuig mi fhìn an càradh;

Gum bi mànran-san ’nam chluais,

Bhith cuimhneachadh gun chàireadh thu

Gu bràth san dachaidh bhuain.

 

His obituary from The Oban Times is here reproduced in full:

 

POPULAR MACBRAYNE SKIPPER

 

The Late Captain D. J. Mackinnon 

 

The death of Captain Donald Joseph Mackinnon  (’n Iosag) the master of Lochmor has removed at an early age one of the best-known figures in the Outer Hebrides.

There are a few people in Harris, Benbecula, Barra and the two Uists who will not remember him on the deck of one or other of MacBrayne’s ships. The large number who knelt at his graveside in Hallin, South Uist, on that cold January day represented only a small proportion of those who heard the news of his passing with a deep sense of personal loss.

His powerful, handsome frame and his radiant warmth of heart made him a singularly attractive person. His birth in Barra 54 years ago predetermined his way of life. He was the son of Roderick Mackinnon (Rua[i]ridh Iain Bhain) who will long be remembered as an unsurpassed singer of Gaelic folk songs. The young Donald John inherited his father’s melodious voice and at an early age absorbed a worthy portion of his wonderful repertoire.

Like so many of his compatriots he went to sea as soon as he left school and continued to grace his chosen career until his untimely death.

His dedication to his fellow men received national recognition when he was rewarded the D.S.M. for service aboard the R.M.S. King George V on the Dunkirk beaches and in other ports of war-torn France. His other acts of service will never be fully enumerated as they are known only in the hearts of those who benefited by them. The infirm and young, to whose comfort the captain so often sacrificed his own bed on a stormy Minch crossing, will never forget him.

Nor will those of many nationalities and walks of life who had the unique privilege of standing with him on Lochmor’s bridge while he poured from his great heart songs of his heritage. A Minch crossing in those circumstances was far too short.

To his widow and family the heartfelt sympathy of his many friends goes out with the hope that their association with such a man will support them in their grief.

                                                                                                               A.M.

 

An Eòsag was recorded extensively by Calum Maclean, Dr Alasdair Maclean, Alan Lomax, John Lorne Campbell, James Ross as well as others. A highly recommended selection of recordings, entitled Mo Làmh air an Stiùir: An Eòsag, Capt. D. J. MacKinnon, from various archives was recently produced by Ceòlas and gives a representative taste of not only his extensive repertoire but also his sheer ability to sing in traditional fashion some of the best Gaelic songs. Well over one hundred separate items recorded from his recitation are available to listen to on the Tobar an Dualchais / Kist o Riches website.

References:

A. M., ‘POPULAR MACBRAYNE SKIPPER: The Late Captain D. J. Mackinnon’, The Oban Times (3 February 1962)

Dòmhnall Dòmhnallach (Àird-Chuig, Benbecula), ‘Marbhrann do Dhòmhnall Eòsaibh MacFhionghuin, Sgiobair na Lochmóir’, Gairm, air. 40 (An Samhradh, 1962), pp. 308–09

Interview with Donald Joseph MacKinnon and Alan Lomax:

http://research.culturalequity.org/get-audio-detailed-recording.do?recordingId=12051

The CD Mo Làmh air an Stiùir: An Eòsag, Capt. D. J. MacKinnon is available at the Ceòlas online shop: http://www.ceolas.co.uk/shop/

Image:

An Eòsag: Captain Donald Joseph MacKinnon, 1930s